The second change that needs to occur is from dependence to independence. The employees need to be independent and not rely on the manager to get jobs done. Using Argyris theory a manager needs the ability to give their employees the training to do their jobs and be able to not depend on the manager to tell them how to do their job all the time. An item that a manager can use to help people be independent​​​​​​​ is a smartphone. This would allow them to be able to be places and get work done instead of depending on others to get the job done because they are stuck at the office. It also allows for better communication with other employees